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Nature刊文关注全球Top100高被引论文

更新日期：2014-12-03

Nature封面故事（2014年10月30日）：SCI诞生50年纪念

引用是作者承认早期研究的方法、理念和发现的标准手段，并且通常被当作衡量一篇论文重要性的粗略标准。50年前，Eugene Garfield发行了科学文献索引（SCI），这是首个追踪科学文献引用的系统性努力。在周年纪念到来之际，《自然》杂志携手汤森路透（目前是SCI的拥有者），罗列了有史以来引用率最高的100篇论文（Web of Science Top 100.xls）。论文的发表时间从1900年至今。

据介绍，这份百强名单的入围资格是引用次数超过12,119。令人意外的是，许多特别知名的论文并未入榜，比如DNA双螺旋结构的确定。前100名中，一些确实是经典成就，例如首次发现碳纳米管（第36位）。但大多数描述实验方法和软件的论文成为其领域的重要资料。

例如，历史上被引用次数最多的是一篇1951年的论文（题名：Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent），描述了一个确定溶液中蛋白质数量的实验。截止10月7日，它共被引用了305,148次。这个数字也让该论文的第一作者、美国生物化学家Oliver Lowry感到不解。他在1977年写道：“我确实认为它并不是一篇极好的文章，但我依然从这样的反响度上得到了极大快乐。”

Top100高被引论文分布的优势领域与研究方向依次为：生物技术、生物信息学、系统发生学、统计学、密度泛函理论、结晶学；Top100高被引论文发表的峰值年代为20世纪80年代。

图来源：果壳网

荷兰科学和技术研究中心主任Paul Wouters表示，许多研究方法论文“成为一个标准的参考，以便让其他科学家明白自己在做的工作是什么”。另一个科学惯例是真实的基础研究（例如爱因斯坦的狭义相对论）获得的引用比它们应得的更少：它们如此重要，能很快地进入教科书，或成为论文正文的一部分——这些理论如此著名已经不需要标注引用。

引用计数也会受到其他混合因子的影响。例如，发表时间早的论文有更多时间积累引用量、生物学家的引用量高于物理学家、并非所有领域的出版物数量相同等。

另外，该文章还公布了Nature杂志委托Google所做的Google Scholar Top100 高被引文献统计结果（Google Scholar Top 100.xls）。与ISI论文统计结果相比，Google Scholar全球前100位高被引文献的最低被引频次较高而最高被引频次较低，分别为30948次和223131次（题名：Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4，第一作者：Laemmli, U. K.，期刊：Nature，发表年份：1970年）。总体而言，Google Scholar Top100 高被引文献的优势领域显著倾向于社会科学而非自然科学领域。同时，在文献类型上，Google ScholarTop100 高被引文献主要以图书为主。此外，统计结果还显示，Google Scholar Top100中的部分高被引期刊论文未在WOS论文数据库中出现。

表1：Web of Science百大高被引论文榜单

Rank	Title	Year	Times cited	Subject
1	Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent.	1951	305148	Biology lab technique
2	Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.	1970	213005	Biology lab technique
3	A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.	1976	155530	Biology lab technique
4	DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.	1977	65335	Biology lab technique
5	Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction.	1987	60397	Biology lab technique
6	Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications.	1979	53349	Biology lab technique
7	Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density.	1988	46702	Physical chemistry
8	Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange.	1993	46145	Physical chemistry
9	A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues.	1957	45131	Biology lab technique
10	Clustal W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice.	1994	40289	Bioinformatics
11	Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations.	1958	38600	Medical statistics
12	Basic local alignment search tool.	1990	38380	Bioinformatics
13	A short history of SHELX.	2008	37978	Crystallography
14	Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs.	1997	36410	Bioinformatics
15	A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures.	1962	36132	Biology lab technique
16	Generalized gradient approximation made simple.	1996	35405	Physical chemistry
17	"Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading cognitive state of patients for clinician.	1975	34532	Psychology/psychiatry
18	A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification.	1959	32131	Biology lab technique
19	Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel-electrophoresis.	1975	31904	Biology lab technique
20	The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.	1987	30176	Phylogenetics
21	Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(T)(-Delta Delta C) method.	2001	28870	Biology lab technique
22	Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides.	1976	28658	Physical chemistry
23	Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode.	1997	28647	Crystallography
24	Regression models and life-tables.	1972	28439	Medical statistics
25	Density-functional exchange-energy approximation with correct asymptotic-behavior.	1988	26475	Physical chemistry
26	Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances.	1956	25735	Biology lab technique
27	Use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy.	1963	24449	Biology lab technique
28	The CLUSTAL_X Windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.	1997	24098	Bioinformatics
29	Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.	1986	23826	Medical statistics
30	Reliability of molecular weight determinations by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.	1969	23642	Biology lab technique
31	Isolation of biologically-active ribonucleic-acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease.	1979	23435	Biology lab technique
32	The attractions of proteins for small molecules and ions.	1949	23421	Biology lab technique
33	The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological-research — conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.	1986	23356	Psychology/psychiatry
34	Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects.	1965	23059	Physical chemistry
35	Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival — application to proliferation and cyto-toxicity assays.	1983	23011	Biology lab technique
36	Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon.	1991	22899	Physics
37	The colorimetric determination of phosphorus.	1925	22690	Biology lab technique
38	Disc electrophoresis — II. Method and application to human serum proteins.	1964	22074	Biology lab technique
39	Inhomogeneous electron gas.	1964	21931	Physical chemistry
40	A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity.	1983	21446	Biology lab technique
41	Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap	1985	21373	Phylogenetics
42	A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties	1985	19561	Biology lab technique
43	Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set.	1996	18856	Physical chemistry
44	High-resolution 2-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins.	1975	18489	Biology lab technique
45	MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0.	2007	18286	Phylogenetics
46	Fuzzy sets.	1965	18203	Mathematics/statistics
47	Phase annealing in SHELX-90: direct methods for larger structures.	1990	17728	Crystallography
48	Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease.	1984	17220	Medicine
49	Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations.	1976	17087	Physics
50	Study of the conditions and mechanism of the diphenylamine reaction for the colorimetric estimation of deoxyribonucleic acid.	1956	17067	Biology lab technique
51	The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population.	1977	17055	Psychology/psychiatry
52	Improved patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches.	1981	17025	Biology lab technique
53	A rating scale for depression.	1960	16734	Psychology/psychiatry
54	An inventory for measuring depression.	1961	16264	Psychology/psychiatry
55	A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein.	1982	16059	Biology lab technique
56	Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction.	1949	16009	Biology lab technique
57	Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via EM algorithm.	1977	15993	Mathematics/statistics
58	Equation of state calculations by fast computing machines.	1953	15902	Mathematics/statistics
59	Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing.	1995	15898	Mathematics/statistics
60	Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid.	1985	15802	Biology lab technique
61	The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory.	1971	15517	Psychology/psychiatry
62	Estimation of concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of preparative ultracentrifuge.	1972	15469	Medicine
63	Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase.	1988	15160	Biology lab technique
64	Multiple range and multiple F tests.	1955	15047	Mathematics/statistics
65	Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films.	2004	15022	Physics
66	Tissue sulfhydryl groups.	1959	15019	Biology lab technique
67	Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood.	1968	14934	Biology lab technique
68	The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data.	1977	14903	Mathematics/statistics
69	Crystallography & NMR system: a new software suite for macromolecular structure determination.	1998	14898	Crystallography
70	Gaussian-basis sets for use in correlated molecular calculations. 1. The atoms boron through neon and hydrogen.	1989	14617	Mathematics/statistics
71	PROCHECK: a program to check the stereochemical quality of protein structures.	1993	14462	Crystallography
72	The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection.	1992	14332	Medicine
73	A new look at statistical-model identification.	1974	14275	Mathematics/statistics
74	Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains — nucleotide-sequences of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors	1985	14232	Biology lab technique
75	A comprehensive set of sequence-analysis programs for the vax.	1984	14226	Bioinformatics
76	MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA.	1998	14099	Bioinformatics
77	From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method.	1999	14049	Physical chemistry
78	Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparison between ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedures.	1981	13881	Biology lab technique
79	Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water.	1983	13774	Biology lab technique
80	The development and use of quantum-mechanical molecular-models. 76. AM1: a new general-purpose quantum-mechanical molecular-model	1985	13718	Physical chemistry
81	Phosphorus assay in column chromatography.	1959	13523	Biology lab technique
82	MOLSCRIPT: a program to produce both detailed and schematic plots of protein structures.	1991	13496	Crystallography
83	Van der Waals volumes and radii.	1964	13417	Crystallography
84	A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity.	1961	13332	Biology lab technique
85	Projector augmented-wave method.	1994	13330	Physical chemistry
86	Optimization by simulated annealing.	1983	13293	Physical chemistry
87	Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology.	1991	13267	Biology lab technique
88	An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters.	1963	13258	Mathematics/statistics
89	Efficiency of ab initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set.	1996	13084	Physical chemistry
90	A low-cost, high-efficiency solar-cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films.	1991	12873	Physical chemistry
91	A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy.	1969	12807	Biology lab technique
92	The Protein Data Bank.	2000	12754	Crystallography
93	Accurate and simple analytic representation of the electron-gas correlation-energy	1992	12748	Physical chemistry
94	Rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA.	1979	12721	Biology lab technique
95	Improved methods for building protein models in electron-density maps and the location of errors in these models.	1991	12649	Crystallography
96	Accurate spin-dependent electron liquid correlation energies for local spin-density calculations — a critical analysis.	1980	12583	Physical chemistry
97	Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity.	1975	12391	Biology lab technique
98	Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.	1985	12257	Medicine
99	Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers.	1938	12252	Physics
100	MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models	2003	12209	Phylogenetics
101	Atherosclerosis — an inflammatory disease.	1999	12119	Medicine

数据来源：汤森路透、Nature，截止至2014年10月7日。

表2：谷歌学术十大高被引论著排行榜（与Web of Science中的进行比较）

Google Scholar ranking (overall)	Times cited	Citation	Web of Science ranking	Times cited
1	223,131	Laemmli, U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.Nature227,680–685 (1970).	2	213,005
2	192,710	Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L. & Randall, R. J. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent.J. Biol. Chem.193,265–275 (1951).	1	305,148
3	190,309	Bradford, M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.J. Anal. Biochem.72,248–254 (1976).	3	155,530
*	172,540	Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. & Maniatis, T.Molecular Cloning(1989).
*	110,822	Press, W. H.Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing(1992).
*	91,237	Yin, R. K.Case Study Research: Design and Methods(1984).
*	73,818	Kuhn, T. S.The Structure of Scientific Revolutions(1962).
*	70,807	Zar, J. H.Biostatistical Analysis(1974).
4	69,273	Shannon, C. E. A mathematical theory of communication.Bell Syst. Tech. J.27,379–423 (1948).	In top 150	10,239
*	67,824	Cohen, J.Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences(1969).
*	64,956	Goldberg, D. E.Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning(1989).
*	64,761	Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L.The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research(1967).
5	64,031	Sanger. F., Nicklen, S. & Couslon, A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA74,5463–5467 (1977).	4	65,335
6	62,344	Chomczynski, P. & Sacchi, N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate phenol chloroform extraction.J.Anal. Biochem.162,156–159 (1987).	5	60,397
*	61,929	Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E. F. & Sambrook, J.Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual(1982).
*	60,957	Nunnally, J. C., Bernstein, I. H. & Berge, J. M. F. T.Psychometric Theory(1967).
*	58,915	Rogers, E. M.Diffusion of Innovations(1962).
7	56,923	Becke, A. D. Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange.J. Chem. Phys.98,5648–5652 (1993).	8	46,145
8	54,365	Lee. C., Yang, W. & Parr, R. G. Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density.Phys. Rev. B37,785–789 (1988).	7	46,702
*	54,067	Porter, M. E.Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance(1985).
9	53,696	Murashige, T. & Skoog, F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures.Physiol. Plant.15,473–497 (1962).	15	36,132
10	53,423	Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. & McHugh, P. R. Mini-mental state — practical method for grading cognitive state of patients for clinician.J. Psychiatr. Res.12,189–198 (1975).	17	34,532

注：1. Google Scholar数据截止至2014年10月17日；2. Web of Science没有对书籍进行分析和排名。

　　原文检索：Richard Van Noorden,Brendan Maher & Regina Nuzzo. The top 100 papers. Nature, 30 October 2014; doi:10.1038/514550a

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